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<p>Recent large language model (LLM) defenses have greatly improved models' ability to refuse harmful queries, even when adversarially attacked. However, LLM defenses are primarily evaluated against automated adversarial attacks in a single turn of conversation, an insufficient threat model for real-world malicious use. We demonstrate that multi-turn human jailbreaks uncover significant vulnerabilities, exceeding 70% attack success rate (ASR) on HarmBench against defenses that report single-digit ASRs with automated single-turn attacks. Human jailbreaks also reveal vulnerabilities in machine unlearning defenses, successfully recovering dual-use biosecurity knowledge from unlearned models. We compile these results into Multi-Turn Human Jailbreaks (MHJ), a dataset of 2,912 prompts across 537 multi-turn jailbreaks. We publicly release MHJ alongside a compendium of jailbreak tactics developed across dozens of commercial red teaming engagements, supporting research towards stronger LLM defenses.</p>
<p>Scale publishes the results of expert-driven private evaluations on <a title="SEAL Leaderboards" href="https://scale.com/leaderboard">SEAL Leaderboards</a>.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Main Results</h3>
<p><img src="https://img.plasmic.app/img-optimizer/v1/img?src=e11ecad7941e445e6c585502a7a7dde3.png&amp;f=webp&amp;q=75"></p>
<p>We compare our Multi-turn Human Jailbreaks (MHJ) results on HarmBench (consisting of 240 harmful behaviors) for its attack success rate (ASR) with the state-of-the-art automated attacks, targeting jailbreaking the state-of-the-art defense methods for improving LLM robustness. In the following plot, Ensemble Automated Attack is constructed such that it succeeds if any of the 6 automated attacks succeeds (Pass@6). Best Automated Attack shows the highest ASR for each defense from a single automated attack. For the detailed results and discussions, please see the full paper.Try examples <a href="https://scale.com/research/mhj/playground">here</a>.&nbsp;</p>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Ethics and Disclosure</h3>
<p>In releasing the Multi-Turn Human Jailbreaks (MHJ) dataset, we carefully weighed the benefits of empowering research in defense robustness with the risks of enabling further malicious use. Following Zou et al. (2024), we believe the publication of MHJ poses low marginal risk, as datasets of many other manual jailbreaks are widely disseminated. Towards reducing risk, we removed a complete set of model completions and any jailbreaks that may contain sensitive information in the main paper and in the site. With the support of legal counsel, we verified MHJ&rsquo;s compliance with applicable U.S. export control requirements, including with respect to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (22 CFR Parts 120-130) and Export Administration Regulations (15 CFR Parts 730-774).</p>
<p>We received explicit permission for red teaming any proprietary models. Prior to release, we also disclosed our findings and datasets to the authors of the defenses we examined.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Accessing the full set of MHJ</h3>
<p>After filtering sensitive &amp; export-controlled information, we publicly release the adversarial prompts in MHJ, supporting research towards stronger LLM defenses and robustness evaluations at Huggingface for research purpose only (under Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 4.0). Please apply for the access on <a href="https://huggingface.co/datasets/ScaleAI/mhj">Huggingface</a>.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Bibtex Citation</h3>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>@misc{li2024llmdefensesrobustmultiturn,
      title={LLM Defenses Are Not Robust to Multi-Turn Human Jailbreaks Yet}, 
      author={Nathaniel Li and Ziwen Han and Ian Steneker and Willow Primack and Riley Goodside and Hugh Zhang and Zifan Wang and Cristina Menghini and Summer Yue},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2408.15221},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.15221}, 
}</code></pre>

Jailbreak.png

Multi-turn human jailbreaks expose vulnerabilities in LLM defenses, achieving over 70% attack success.

LLM Defenses Are Not Robust to Multi-Turn Human Jailbreaks Yet

Open Graph Jailbreak.png

<p>McConnell led opposition to stricter campaign finance regulations, with the Lexington Herald Leader describing it as McConnell's "pet issue."[8] He has argued that campaign finance regulations reduce participation in political campaigns and protect incumbents from competition.[9] In 1990, he led a filibuster against a campaign finance reform bill.[10] He spearheaded the movement against the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. His opposition to the bill culminated in the 2003 Supreme Court case McConnell v. Federal Election Commission and the 2010 Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, the latter of which ruled part of the act unconstitutional. McConnell has been an advocate for free speech at least as far back as the early 1970s when he was teaching night courses at the University of Louisville. "No issue has shaped his career more than the intersection of campaign financing and free speech," political reporter Robert Costa wrote in 2012.[11] In a recording of a 2014 fundraiser McConnell expressed his disapproval of the McCain-Feingold law, saying,"The worst day of my political life was when President George W. Bush signed McCain-Feingold into law in the early part of his first Administration."[12] On January 2, 2013, the Public Campaign Action Fund, a liberal nonprofit group that backs stronger campaign finance regulation, released a report highlighting eight instances from McConnell's political career in which a vote or a blocked vote (filibuster), coincided with an influx of campaign contributions to McConnell's campaign.[13][14] In December 2018, McConnell opposed a Democratic resolution that overturned IRS guidance to reduce the amount of donor information certain tax-exempt groups would have to give the IRS, saying,"In a climate that is increasingly hostile to certain kinds of political expression and open debate, the last thing Washington needs to do is to chill the exercise of free speech and add to the sense of intimidation."[15] Prior to his Senate run, McConnell favored campaign finance reform, describing money in politics as a "cancer" in 1973.[10]</p>

<p>Cruz received more than US$1 million in campaign donations from the oil and gas industry since 2011.[104] Cruz is an opponent of the EPA, calling it "unbelievably abusive" and "populated by zealots,"[105] and has accused the Obama administration of waging a "war on coal."[105][106] Cruz opposes EPA's Clean Power Plan, which aims to cut carbon emissions from power plants; Cruz accused President Obama of engaging in a "lawless and radical attempt to destabilize the nation's energy system" and called the plan "flatly unconstitutional."[107] Cruz, who says that he is an advocate for "volunteer conservation," and also disagreed with efforts by the EPA to expand regulatory oversight on water, which Cruz characterized an attempt "to turn irrigation ditches into lakes and rivers and oceans."[108] Cruz is a supporter of TransCanada's controversial Keystone XL Pipeline,[106] and along with every other Republican senator was a cosponsor of legislation in support of the pipeline.[109] Like most Republican senators, Cruz supports opening areas for offshore drilling.[106] Cruz favors "expanding energy development on federal land" and has "pushed for preventing federal restrictions on fracking."[106] In July 2015, Cruz's super PAC,"Keep the Promise," disclosed that the billionaire brothers Dan and Farris Wilks, who earned a fortune in the West Texas fracking boom, contributed a record-setting $15 million to the super PAC.[110]</p>

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